Caibidil a Trí: The Verb (an Briathar)conjugation of the regular verbs (an Réimniú na mBriathra Rialta) |
traditional conjugation and dialectical differenced |
This table contains all synthetic (und analytical) verb forms, independent
of if they are still used in modern Irish or if they have been replaced by analytical
suffixes (see below: explanations).
While many of these forms predominantly appear in older texts, the older orthography
is included (in the 2nd conjugation, earlier also root suffix -uigh instead
of -aigh).
In the past tense forms, the particle do is always included, today this is mostly
omitted.
In the parentheses, there are the necessary additions for either a slender
or broad stem ending
e.g.: -f(a)idh: either -faidh
e.g.: dúnfaidh or -fidh e.g.:
buailfidh)
In the future tense/conditional of the 2nd conjugation, -eo-
instead of -ó- occurs in the slender
stem ending
e.g.: -óidh e.g.: salóidh
sé = he will soil, -eoidh e.g.:
éireoidh sé = he will rise
1st conjugation e.g. buail = hit |
2nd conjugation e.g.: salaigh = soil |
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new spelling | old spelling | ||||
present tense | ||||||
I | -(a)im | buailim | -(a)ím | salaím | -(u)ighim | saluighim |
you | -(a)ir | buailir | -(a)ír | salaír | -(u)ighir | saluighir |
he | -(a)idh sé | buailidh sé | -(a)ídh sé | salaídh sé | -(u)ighidh sé | saluighidh sé |
we | -(a)imid | buailimid | -(a)ímid | salaímid | -(u)ighímid | saluighimid |
you (pl.) | -t(a)í | buailtí | -(a)ítí | salaítí | -(u)ightí | saluightí |
they | -(a)id | buailid | -(a)íd | salaíd | -(u)ighíd | saluighid |
one | -t(e)ar | buailtear | -(a)ítear | salaítear | -(u)ightear | saluightear |
Habituelles present tense | ||||||
I | -(e)ann mé | buaileann mé | -(a)íonn mé | salaíonn mé | -(u)igheann mé | saluigheann mé |
you | -(e)ann tú | buaileann tú | -(a)íonn tú | salaíonn tú | -(u)igheann tú | saluigheann tú |
he | -(e)ann sé | buaileann sé | -(a)íonn sé | salaíonn sé | -(u)igheann sé | saluigheann sé |
we | -(e)ann sinn | buaileann sinn | -(a)íonn sinn | salaíonn sinn | -(u)igheann sinn | saluigheann sinn |
you (pl.) | -(e)ann sibh | buaileann sibh | -(a)íonn sibh | salaíonn sibh | -(u)igheann sibh | saluigheann sibh |
they | -(e)ann siad | buaileann siad | -(a)íonn siad | salaíonn siad | -(u)igheann siad | saluigheann siad |
one | -t(e)ar | buailtear | -(a)ítear | salaítear | -(u)ightear | saluightear |
preterite tense | ||||||
I | -(e)as | do bhuaileas | -(a)íos | do shalaíos | -(u)igheas | do shaluigheas |
you | -(a)is | do bhuailis | -(a)ís | do shalaís | -(u)ighis | do shaluighis |
he | - sé | do bhuail sé | -(a)igh sé | do shalaigh sé | -(u)igh sé | do shaluigh sé |
we | -(e)amar | do bhuaileamar | -(a)íomar | do shalaíomar | -(u)igheamar | do shaluigheamar |
you (pl.) | -(e)abhar | do bhuaileabhar | -(a)íobhar | do shalaíobhar | -(u)igheabhar | do shaluigheabhar |
they | -(e)adar | do bhuaileadar | -(a)íodar | do shalaíodar | -(u)igheadar | do shaluigheadh |
one | -(e)adh | do buaileadh | -(a)íodh | do salaíodh | -(u)igheadh | do saluigheadh |
imperfect | ||||||
I | -(a)inn | do bhuailinn | -(a)ínn | do shalaínn | -(u)ighinn | do shaluighinn |
you | -t(e)á | do bhuailteá | -(a)íteá | do shalaíteá | -(u)ighteá | do shaluighteá |
he | -(e)adh sé | do bhuaileadh sé | -(a)íodh sé | do shalaíodh sé | -(u)igheadh sé | do shaluigheadh sé |
we | -(a)imis | do bhuailimis | -(a)ímis | do shalaímis | -(u)ighmis | do shaluighmis |
you (pl.) | -t(a)í | do bhuailtí | -(a)ítí | do shalaítí | -(u)ightí | do shaluightí |
they | -(a)idís | do bhuailidís | -(a)ídís | do shalaídís | -(u)ighdís | do shaluighdís |
one | -t(a)í | do buailtí | -(a)ítí | do salaítí | -(u)ightí | do saluightí |
future tense | ||||||
I | -f(e)ad | buailfead | -ód | salód | -óchad | salóchad |
you | -f(a)ir | buailfir | -óir | salóir | -óchair | salóchair |
he | -f(a)idh sé | buailfidh sé | -óidh sé | salóidh sé | -óchaidh sé | salóchaidh sé |
we | -f(a)imid | buailfimid | -óimid | salóimid | -óchaimid | salóchaimid |
you (pl.) | -f(a)idh | buailfidh | -óídh | salóídh | -óchthaídh | salóchthaídh |
they | -f(a)id | buailfid | -óid | salóid | -óchaid | salóchaid |
one | -f(e)ar | buailfear | -ófar | salófar | -óchar | salóchar |
conditional | ||||||
I | -f(a)inn | do bhuailfinn | -óinn | do shalóinn | -óchainn | do shalóchainn |
you | -f(e)á | do bhuailfeá | -ófá | do shalófá | -óchthá | do shalóchthá |
he | -f(e)adh sé | do bhuailfeadh sé | -ódh sé | do shalódh sé | -óchadh sé | do shalóchadh sé |
we | -f(a)imis | do bhuailfimis | -óimis | do shalóimis | -óchaimis | do shalóchaimis |
you (pl.) | -f(a)ídh | do bhuailfidh | -óídh | do shalóídh | -óchaídh | do shalóchaídh |
they | -f(a)idís | do bhuailfidís | -óidís | do shalóidís | -óchaidís | do shalóchaídís |
one | -f(a)í | do bhuailfí | -ófaí | do shalófaí | -óchaidhe | do shalóchaidhe |
imperative | ||||||
I | -(a)im | buailim | -(a)ím | salaím | -(u)ighim | saluighim |
you | - | buail | -(a)igh | salaigh | -(u)igh | saluigh |
he | -(e)adh sé | buaileadh sé | -(a)íodh sé | salaíodh sé | -(u)igheadh sé | saluigheadh sé |
we | -(a)imis | buailimis | -(a)ímis | salaímis | -(u)ighmis | saluighmis |
you (pl.) | -(a)igí (-(a)idh) | buailigí (buailidh) | -(a)ígí | salaígí | -(u)ighídh | saluighídh |
they | -(a)idís | buailidís | -(a)ídís | salaídís | -(u)ighdís | saluighdís |
one | -t(e)ar | buailtear | -(a)ítear | salaítear | -(u)ightear | saluightear |
subjunctive present tense | ||||||
I | -(a)d | go mbuailead | -(a)íod | go salaíod | -(u)ighead | go saluighead |
you | -(a)ir | go mbuailir | -(a)ír | go salaír | -(u)ighir | go saluighir |
he | -(a)idh sé | go mbuailidh sé | -(a)ídh sé | go salaídh sé | -(u)ighidh sé | go saluighidh sé |
we | -(a)imid | go mbuailimid | -(a)ímid | go salaímid | -(u)ighímid | go saluighimid |
you (pl.) | -(a)idh | go mbuailidh | -(a)ídh | go salaídh | -(u)ighídh | go saluighídh |
they | -(a)id | go mbuailid | -(a)íd | go salaíd | -(u)ighíd | go saluighid |
one | -t(e)ar | go mbuailtear | -(a)ítear | go salaítear | -(u)ightear | go saluightear |
subjunctive preterite tense | ||||||
I | -(a)inn | dá mbuailinn | -(a)ínn | dá salaínn | -(u)ighinn | dá saluighinn |
you | -t(e)á | dá mbuailteá | -(a)íteá | dá salaíteá | -(u)ighteá | dá saluighteá |
he | -(e)adh sé | dá mbuaileadh sé | -(a)íodh sé | dá salaíodh sé | -(u)igheadh sé | dá saluigheadh sé |
we | -(a)imis | dá mbuailimis | -(a)ímis | dá salaímis | -(u)ighmis | dá saluighmis |
you (pl.) | -t(a)í | dá mbuailtí | -(a)ítí | dá salaítí | -(u)ightí | dá saluightí |
they | -(a)idís | dá mbuailidís | -(a)ídís | dá salaídís | -(u)ighdís | dá saluighdís |
one | -t(a)í | dá mbuailtí | -(a)ítí | dá salaítí | -(u)ightí | dá saluightí |
These conjugations in these forms are nowhere to be used today.
In a few dialects, some forms have remained, whereby there is a trend towards
analytical forms now, in the North more than the South. Esp. in Ulster and Connacht,
synthetic verb suffixes appear in Echo forms.
The conjugation suffixes with -t- - : t(e)á,
t(e)ar, t(a)í - used to acty like the suffix of the verbal
adjective.
There was instead of -t- after b, c, f,
g, m, p, r -th- .
The voiced consonants b, g became through this voiceless [p] and [k].
e.g.: scuab = sweep: scuabthaí [scuapi:] = one swept, scuabthar [scuap@r]
= one sweeps, scuabthá [scuapa:] = you swept
In many dialects, this is still used, in der standard orthography only in the
verbal adjective (e.g. scuabtha [scuap@] = swept)
The forms ending in -(e)ann were originally
only habitual.
Only in the non-habitual present tense were there synthetic forms, non-habitual
as an analytical form was -(a)idh.
Today, both are tenses fused in form ; the analytical form -(e)ann occurred
not only as habitual but also as non-habitual and synthet. forms are today also
(right now) in habitual use (buailim = I hit (now/always)
The form of the 3rd person -(a)idh is seldomly
still used in Ulster (as a "historical present tense" in narrative forms).
By irregular verbs it reduced itself so -(a)idh
in Ulster so that suffixless forms came about: tig sé = he's
coming, tchí tú = you see
The 2nd person plural -t(a)í is no
longer in use (in written Irish also -taoi
instead of -taí)
The rest of the synthet. forms still appear in Munster, outside of that mostly
only as Echo forms.
Only the 1st person singular -(a)im is still
found regularly in all dialects, in the standard also the 1st person plural
-(a)imid
In Connacht as an Echo- form of the 2nd person singular -(a)inns
instead of -(a)ir (buailinns instead
of buailir = you hit)
The plural forms of the 1st and 2nd person occur in spoken Munster Irish today
with a slender-r: -(e)amair, -(e)abhair.
The forms of the 1st and 3rd person plural occur in Connacht and Munster, the
2nd person plural only still in Munster.
The rest of the synthetic forms occur regularly in Munster, outside of that
mostly only in Echo forms.
In Munster ther are also by some irregular verbs suffixless forms in the 1st
person singular: chonac = I saw, chuala =I heard, thána = I came
The imperfect forms are mostly maintained in the standard.
Only the 2nd person plural -t(a)í
has completely vanished today (they were only by lenition able to be told apart
from the autonomous form)
Instead of -(a)imis also-(e)amais
or -(e)amaois/-(a)imís
etc. (with a broad -m- and/or a long -í-)
In the 1st and 3rd person plural in Munster/Ulster also with -t: -(a)imist/-a(i)dist
(bhuailimist = we hit)
Synthetic future tense forms are only still used in Munster , outside of Munster
only in Echo forms.
The 2nd person plural -f(a)idh is uncommon
without sibh today.
In the 1st person plural (-f(a)imid) there
are variations with a broad -m-: -famuid, -fam
In Ulster, the old orthography of the 2nd conjugation is still recognisable
in the pronunciation, -óch- is spoken there as [ah]. The old spelling
is there then kept on: salóchaidh [salah@] instead of salóidh
[salo:j]
In Connacht, the 2nd person singular acts as the Echo form -f(a)is
instead of -f(a)ir (buailfis instead
of buailfir = you will hit)
The synthetic forms are (except the obsolete 2nd person plural) still maintained
in the standard.
For-f(a)imis similar variations apply as
for the imperfect form -(a)imis:
For the 2nd conjugation in Ulster the to the future tense said (shalóchadh
[halahu:] applies instead of shalódh [halo:])
In older orthography there is no -f- in the 2nd conjugation (instead of -ófá
then-óchthá. The -f- was taken
over from the 1st conjugation).
The 2nd person plural is today -igí.
This form originated out of the form of the 2nd conjugation (old orthography)
-(u)ighídh. This is spoken [i:gi:]
in Munster and was integrated in the 1st conjugation as [@gi:] (instead of the
rather confusing -(a)idh [i:])
The older -(a)idh held on longer after the stem final sound ending in -g,-c
(e.g.: tuigidh statt tuigigí = understand!)
The 1st person plural can be said also -(e)am
or -(a)imid instead of -(a)imis.