Caibidil a Cúig: Prepositions  (Réamhfhocail)

Case

as requires the dative.

Initial Mutations

• without an article: no lenition/eclipsis  e.g. as baile = out of a city
• with the article: eclipsis (except d, t)  e.g.: as an mbaile = out of the city
  • only in Munster, d,t also eclipses
  • in Connacht, a t-prefix precedes a femin. noun with s-: as an tsúil
  • in Ulster, always lenition: as an bhaile

Interrogative:

• cé/cad as ? = from where, out of where?

Combined with personal pronouns:

Use:

1. spatial/applied: out,  out of
2. origin from: from Dublin, etc. (with the copula!) Is as Béal Feirste é = He is from Belfast
3. starting point of a motion from: as sin go Éirinn = from there to Ireland, i bhfad as seo = far from here
4. constitution out of : out of fabric / material as an éadach
5. origin: out of/from :
   • origin of something sensory: e.g. Tá baladh as an madadh = the dog smells, Tá cor as an cáca = the cake is moving
   • origin of a name: baisteadh as a athair é = one named him after his father
   • origin of knowledge: aithním as a shúil é = I recognized him by his stride
   • origin of a deduction: tuigim as = that's how I understand it
   • psych. origin of an action : as fearg = out of anger, etc.
   • origin of pride, gratitude : tá bród orm asat = I am proud of you ("is pride on me out of you "), go raibh maith agat as an obair seo = thank you for this work ("that be goodness by you out of the work this ")
6. in / with a medium: nigh as uisce é = wash it in (with) water
7. in a language : as Gaeilge = in Irish, as Gearmáinis = in German
8. locational information about a quality (on/at): géar as an mbarr = sharp at the tip
9. gen. out of : as amharc = out of sight, as cuimse = off the scale (opposite in = ar: ar amharc = in sight)
10. outside of a normal function : as ordú = out of order, as úsaid = out of use, as bealach = off-track (=being wrong/following a misconception)
11. lack of: as obair = out of work , tá ... as ... = not have (as opposed to tá ... ag = have)
12. out of : as guais = out of danger, as an imirt = out of the game
13. selection of: bain rogha as = choose out of, duine as béirt = one of the two
14. engagement in : tá as rud = to be into something ("to get something out of something")
15. adverbial to be off : Tá .... as,  Tá an raidió as = the radio is off ,  turn off : cas ... as,  Chas mé an tine as = I put out the fire
16. adverbial to not belong, be out : tá mé as = I'm out .
17. adverbial alone:  as féin: tá mé ag súil as féin = I walk alone
18. adverbial be alone : tá as ... féin, e.g. Tá asainn féin anois = we're alone now