Caibidil a Trí: The Verb (an Briathar)Irregular Verbs (na Briathra Neamhrialta) |
abair = say |
Abair has different stems in the present, imperfect, subjunctive (deir), in the preterite (dúirt), future, conditional (déar) and imperative (abair),
There are no special dependent forms, but: no preterite particle is used,
indicative | imperative | conditional | subjunctive | |||||
present | preterite | imperfect | future | present | preterite | |||
1st pers. sg. | deirim | dúirt mé | deirinn | déarfaidh mé | abraim | déarfinn | go ndeire mé | dá ndeirinn |
2nd pers. sg. | deir(eann) tú | dúirt tú | deirteá | déarfaidh tú | abair | déarfá | go ndeire tú | dá ndeirteá |
3rd pers. sg. | deir(eann) sé | dúirt sé | deireadh sé | déarfaidh sé | abradh sé | déarfadh sé | go ndeire sé | dá ndeireadh sé |
1st pers. pl. | deirimid | dúramar | deirimis | déarfaimid | abraimis | déarfimis | go ndeirimid | dá ndeirimis |
2nd pers. pl. | deir(eann) sibh | dúirt sibh | deireadh sibh | déarfaidh sibh | abraigí | déarfadh sibh | go ndeire sibh | dá ndeireadh sibh |
3rd pers. pl. | deir(eann) siad | dúirt siad | deiridis | déarfaidh siad | abraidís | déarfidís | go ndeire siad | dá ndeiridis |
autonomous | deirtear | dúradh | deirtí | déarfar | abairtear | déarfaí | go ndeirtear | dá ndeirtí |
dependent forms
indicative | ||
preterite
(ní) |
preterite
(an, go, nach, a) |
|
1st pers. sg. | ní dúirt mé | an nduirt mé |
2nd pers. sg. | ní dúirt tú | an nduirt tú |
3rd pers. sg. | ní dúirt sé | an nduirt sé |
1st pers. pl. | ní dúramar | an nduramar |
2nd pers. pl. | ní dúirt sibh | an nduirt sibh |
3rd pers. pl. | ní dúirt siad | an nduirt siad |
autonom | ní dúradh | an nduradh |
derivatives:
verbal noun | rá | |
genitive of the verbal noun | substantive | rá |
infinitive | ráite | |
verbal adjective | ráite |
*:deir is much more common than deireann (....a
deir sé instead of ... a deireann/deireas sé).
deireann serves mostly as the habitual form (deireann sé i gcónaí ... = he always says...)
Forms with d- (deir/dúirt/déar-) are never lenited (since originally there used to be an a- in front: adeir, adúirt < adubhairt, etc.) Only in the subjunctive after nár would one see lenition: nár dheire sé = that he would not like to say
Also following the dir. relative particle a , d- is not lenited: a deir, a dúirt. Earlier it was commonplace to write adeir, adúirt as the relative form instead (similarly to "atá", where the a is actually part of the verb).
Instead of ní dúirt, an, go, nach ndúirt forms with níor, gur, nar, ar úirt are more common in Connacht (d used as the particle do (d'úirt) and is omitted)
Follwing direct speech one doesn't use deir/dúirt but the defect verb ar (preceding seisean, sise, siadsan) or. arsa e.g.:
"Is amadáin mé, nach ea?" arsa Liam = "I'm an idiot, isn't that so?" said Liam
"Sea, tá ceart go leor agat, a chara" ar sise = "Yep, you're right, my friend" she said
older forms
Earlier, dependent forms in the present/imperfect: abraim, abrann sé, abrainn, abradh sé as well as in the future/conditional: abróidh sé were common.
In the subjunctive, the root abair was still recognizable. (go n-abra(idh) sé = may he say )
dependent | absolute | |
present | abrann | deir(eann) |
imperfect | abradh | deireadh |
future | abróidh | déarfaidh |
conditional | abródh | déarfadh |
subjunctive | go n-abra |